He is the Grandson of Narseh and the Great grandson of Shapur I the Great. A campaign of Shapur II against the Arabs also mentions the Zoroastrian encyclopedic text of the Bundahishn: “During the reign of Shapur, the son of Ormizd, the Arabs came; they took Xorig RÅ«dbār; and despised for many years until Shapur entered the age. The Birth of Shapur II., A.D. 309.—The father of Shapur the Great was Hormisdas II., who reigned from A.D. 301 to 309, and was noted for his activity in On the eastern border of the Roman Empire, the city of Palmyra in Syria was governed by a man named Odaenathus who seems to have considered Shapur I a better bet to advance his fortunes than any of the emperors of Rome. Shapur I as he may have appeared during his campaigns against the Roman armies in the 3rd century AD. In 260 he defeated and captured the Roman emperor Valerianus outside the Roman city of Edessa. History. Sector A encompasses the entrance area of the cave and has five wide man-made terraces. Ardashir then founded the Sasanian Dynasty (named for his forefather Sasan) on the ruins of the Parthian Empire. Web. During these military operations, the son of King Grumbath died. The Arabs nicknamed him “Zu-l actaf,” “the owner of the shoulder blades”, “the one who punches the shoulders”. Pahlavi script- "The Mazda Worshiper. Shapur I replied that Odaenathus was not his equal and, far from thinking they could be allies, the Roman governor should look forward to becoming Shapur I’s vassal. The rise of the Sassanids and their struggle with Rome had an impact on Iberia. Shapur I did not consider the “forces of darkness” worthy of negotiation. When Ardashir died c. 241 CE, Shapur I assumed the traditional Persian title of the monarchy, the King of Kings. Ardashir was growing tired of rule and warfare and so made Shapur I his co-regent at this time, c. 240 CE; when he died later that year or in early 241 CE, Shapur I assumed the traditional Persian title of the monarchy, the King of Kings. The longest-reigning monarch in Iranian history, he reigned for his entire 70-year life from 309 to 379. In 529, Christians closed the school of Athens—the last link to the academies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. He kept a wary peace with Rome but never moved against it again. Books Shapur I’s victory over Valerian was among his last. In addition, Muhammad al-Tabari mentions that Shapur II, among his construction projects, speaks of the founding of the cities of Sind and Sistan, which also confirms his dominance in this region. Shapur I again struck at the Romans in Mesopotamia and conquered the Roman province of Syria, taking the city of Antioch. Ardashir then sent Shapur I against Rome in Mesopotamia c. 230 CE. Mark, Joshua J. Written by Joshua J. East in the Middle Ages 4 (1939), pp. Shapur II (Middle Persian: ୱ୧୯୥୧୥୩ Šāhpuhr), also known as Shapur II the Great (Persian: شاپور دوم بزرگ‎‎), was the tenth king of the Sasanian Empire. He is also often credited with the impressive archway known as Taq Kasra at the capital city of Ctesiphon (although this is also attributed to the later monarch Kosrau I, r. 531-579 CE). History of the East. Ardashir was a skilled military leader who not only defeated the Parthian king Artabanus IV (r. 213-224 CE) in numerous battles but finally killed him and brought down the Parthian Empire, replacing it with his own. While Ardashir was consolidating his power, the Parthian king of Armenia, Khosrau I, raised an army to oppose him and formed alliances with a number of powers, including the kingdom of Kushan and Rome. Among the greatest artworks of the Sasanian Period is the piece known as the Colossal Statue of Shapur I which stands 21 feet (6.7 meters) tall and was carved from a single stalagmite in a cave (known as the Shapur Cave) in modern-day Iran. Mark, published on 16 November 2017 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. The indiscipline of his own soldiers engaged in robbing the corpses of the fallen Persian soldiers prevented him from immediately seizing the Persian capital. To keep the Arabs from planning further raids, Shapur II built a defensive system, which was called the “wall of the Arabs.” This wall, apparently, was not far from the city of Hira. Ardashir did not wait for Khosrau I to launch an attack but mobilized his forces and struck first. Legend claims that the cave also holds the tomb of Shapur I but this has never been substantiated. Persepolis. Meanwhile, the Roman army was faced with a number of unforeseen difficulties, that increased over time. Odaenathus defeated Shapur I and drove him and his army from the Roman territories. Shapur had placed his son two times as king of Armenia, but the Armenians rebelled and drove him out. He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king. Illustration of Colossal Statue of Shapur Iby Unknown Artist (Public Domain) and Carrhae (Harran, Tur.) Then the Roman emperor gave the order to lift the siege of Ctesiphon and leave. Regarding Odaenathus’ campaigns, scholar Philip Matyszak notes how Shapur I “discovered that a well-led Roman army was still the world’s finest fighting force” (239). The Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) was the greatest expression of... A silver coin of Shapur I who ruled the Sasanian empire from 240... Colossal Statue of Shapur I (240-270 CE), located in the Shapur... Odaenathus expels Persian garrisons and restores, Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction, Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome, The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Ardashir and Shapur I pressed on and, in the coming years, took a number of important Roman towns and cities. Shapur I maintained a stable and prosperous empire until his death when he was succeeded by Hormizd I who would continue his policies but was never as effective a monarch as his father had been. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Siege to the territory of the entire province of Syria, taking the city plundered... 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