The three month PCI showed differences in mean precipitation concentrations for most decades, although for the monsoon period (JAS), we observed no differentiations in mean precipitation concentration across the country. Dhaka has dry periods in January, November and December. Significant changes in the PCI values between 1980 and 1989 and between 1990 and 1999 were found for the extreme northwestern and southeastern regions. Bangladesh has 30 meteorological observatories (Figure 1), all of which were included in this study. The precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a well-known indicator for the measurement of temporal precipitation in a short or long area. Precipitation concentration varies within the country, and the mean annual precipitation varies from a maximum of 5,690 mm in the northeast to a minimum of 1,110 mm in the west [21]. Planning and Implementation: PMO, Cabinet, BCC,BBS and SID Technical Support: Developer Credits Although there is no single research method that can comprehensively examine changes in precipitation over time, it is worth considering how different methods can be applied to certain situations [24]. The OND period showed the strongest irregularities in precipitation distribution during 2000–2011 (Figure 6). Most premonsoon rainfall occurs in the central and western regions, where agricultural production is extensive. Morning Humidity : 95% Evening Humidity : 66% Surface Pressure : 1016.5 hPa Release Date: 2018-05-10. Average Monthly Rainfall 1901 - 2009 (mm) The Climate Change Knowledge Portal is a hub of information, data and reports about climate change around the world. Early rainfall during this period can sometimes cause flooding. Precipitation conveyance and measurement can provide a better understanding of the exact mechanisms driving these phenomena for disaster prediction and water management [12]. So it is much drier and warmer than in the most parts of the US or Central Europe. Precipitation intensity, amounts, and patterns are expected to change, and extreme weather events such as droughts and floods are likely to occur more frequently [7]. January, the same as December, is a moderately hot winter month in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with average temperature fluctuating between 12.7°C (54.9°F) and 25.4°C (77.7°F).January is the coldest month, with an average high-temperature of 25.4°C (77.7°F) and an average low-temperature of 12.7°C (54.9°F). The PCI values were calculated on an annual scale for each grid point using data from all stations based on the equations of Oliver [27]:where is the total precipitation in month i. Only the northern and eastern regions had PCI values that fell within the irregular distribution class (Figures 4(g)–4(i)). The daytime temperature is going to reach 29 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 21 °c at night. In general, the northwestern and southeastern areas of Bangladesh showed the highest PCI values, reflecting an irregular precipitation distribution. The amount and intensity of precipitation can influence soil erosion, slope instability, plant growth, and agricultural practices [8, 9] as well as modify fluvial systems, groundwater recharge, water disposal, and hydroelectric projects [10, 11]. A number of climate change related strategies, plans and actions have been formulated and mitigation measures have been operationalized. In a year, the rainfall is 2022 mm | 79.6 inch. Access your account or create a new one for additional features or to post job or training opportunities. The data was provided as the daily total rainfall in millimetres. The analysis showed that rainfall concentrations were most heterogeneous in nonrainfall seasons (JF, FM, MA, AM, ON, and ND) and in the transition period before and after the monsoon. Six-month PCI of JJ for (d) 1980–1989; (e) 1990–1990; (f) 2000–2011. The escalating dengue situation in Bangladesh has been emerging as a serious public health problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. Bangladesh experiences a monsoon climate and has a flood-plain topography, making it prone to hydrological disasters. Mean two-month PCI during (a) JF; (b) FM; (c) MA; (d) AM; (e) MJ; (f) JJ; (g) JA; (h) AS; (i) SO; (j) ON; (k) ND; (l) DJ. First, we performed a comparative correlation between the PCI values for the two- and three-month temporal intervals to understand specific variations. The base data for this work has been collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. Two-month PCI changes in different periods from long-term mean PCI (1980–2011) (series 1 = 1980–1989, series 2 = 1990–1999, and series 3 = 2000–2011). A lot of rain (rainy season) falls in the months: April, May, June, July, August, September and October. Only in a few humid months per year the intense of rain is a bit higher. Rainfall-related hazards and disasters (like drought and flood) require farmers to implement measures in altering the cropping system, planting or sowing times, crop varieties, and change crop types in the country [43]. In other words, intensive rainfall is considered to be uniform if it occurs throughout the time period, but if it occurs within a narrow subset of the time period, then its distribution is considered to be irregular. Design/methodology/approach – The model generated rainfall was calibrated with ground-based observed data in Bangladesh during the period of 1979-2006. Moreover, the periods of JFM and OND showed strong irregularities in the PCI values corresponding to the dry season [39]. Decadal analysis of annual PCI for (a) 1980–1989; (b) 1990–1990; (c) = 2000–2011. Subjects admitted to the adult … Get the monthly weather forecast for Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. Depending on the season, the average daytime temperatures range between 25 … These are consistent areas of high altitude where soil conditions and growth capabilities differ from the rest of the country. In a year, the rainfall is 2022 mm | 79.6 inch. Mean PCI values during 1980–2011. The lowest PCI values during the JAS period were less than 10 (Figure 3(i)) and were characterized by uniform precipitation concentrations across the study area. The AMJ period showed moderately uniform premonsoon PCI values (Figure 3(h)), which is a period that normally experiences increasing rainfall from April to reach moderate levels during May and June [39]. The average temperature in Dhaka is 25.9 °C | 78.6 °F. The PCI was also calculated on a supraseasonal scale (Equation (2)) from January–June (JJ) and July–December (JD) and on a seasonal scale (Equation (3)) for the winter (November–February, NDJF), summer or premonsoon (March–June, MAMJ), and monsoon (July–October, JASO): We also calculated the three- and two-month PCI intervals (Equations (4) and (5), respectively) to break down the annual, seasonal, and supraseasonal precipitation distribution and concentration: As defined by Oliver [27], the PCI values of less than 10 represent a uniform precipitation distribution (i.e., low precipitation concentration), the PCI values from 11 to 15 denote a moderate precipitation concentration, the values from 16 to 20 denote an irregular distribution, and the values above 20 represent strong irregularity (i.e., high precipitation concentration). In this study, precipitation concentration changes at different temporal intervals were compared for the four regions of Bangladesh. For the JF period, the south-southeast region showed a more moderate precipitation distribution than the north–west region, while the opposite was observed for the ON period (Figures 4(a) and 4(j)). Daily maximum temperature and normal daily rainfall data were collected for north-western region of Bangladesh for the period 1981-2008. On average, 80% or more of the country’s annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon season. BD, Bangladesh; NNWR, north-northwest region; CR, central region; ESER, east-southeast region; SSWR, south-southwest region. The average amount of annual precipitation … Learn more about ReliefWeb, leading online source for reliable and timely humanitarian information on global crises and disasters since 1996. Three distinct seasons are recognized in Bangladesh: the premonsoon or summer season (MAMJ), the monsoon/rainy season (JASO), and the postmonsoon or winter season (NDJF) [38]. This page includes a chart with historical data for Bangladesh Average Temperature. Three-month PCI changes in different periods from long-term mean PCI (1980–2011) (series 1= 1980–1989, series 2 = 1990–1999, and series 3 = 2000–2011). These monsoon depressions have a south-to-north trajectory, with turns towards the northwest and west deflected by the Meghalaya Plateau. Rainfall on . The decadal analysis (1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2011) showed that the annual PCI values have varied over time and exhibited irregular distributions. Data on Daily and Monthly aggregate of rainfall of the whole of Bangladesh. This analysis uses 30 years of data from 1984–2013. Bangladesh is located downstream of three large river basins: the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river basins. List of alerts, ongoing and past disasters covered by ReliefWeb. Copyright © 2018 Md. For the seasonal and three-month analyses, the values were generally moderately irregular. For all regions, the postmonsoon/monsoon seasons showed strongly irregular/uniform precipitation distributions (Figures 3(d) and 3(f)). ABSTRACT Spatial distribution of categorical monsoon rainfall used in Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) over Bangladesh during 1985-2014 using daily rainfall is accomplished in this study. The average annual rainfall at Bangladesh varies from a maximum of 5,690 mm in the northeast of the country to minimum of 1,110 mm in the west. A multi-stratified analysis in a South Asian monsoon climate,”, K. M. Krishna, “Intensifying tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean during summer monsoon—Global warming,”, A. S. M. S. Ahmed and I. K. Kim, “Patterns of daily rainfall in Bangladesh during the summer monsoon season: case studies at three stations,”, M. N. Islam, T. Terao, H. Uyeda, T. Hayashi, and K. Kikuchi, “Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in and around Bangladesh,”, S. Ly, C. Charles, and A. Degre, “Geostatistical interpolation of daily rainfall at catchment scale: the use of several variogram models in the Ourthe and Ambleve catchments, Belgium,”, V. Stefanescu, S. Stefan, and F. Georgescu, “Spatial distribution of heavy precipitation events in Romania between 1980 and 2009,”, M. A. H. Mondol, M. Iqbal, Al-Mamun, and J. Dong-Ho, “Seasonality analysis on high and low rainfall regions in Bangladesh using precipitation concentration index,”, J. F. Jouzel, V. Kattsov, U. Lohmann et al., “Technical summary,” in, IPCC, “Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability,” in, M. M. G. Alam, K. Alam, S. Mushtaq, and W. L. Filho, “How do climate change and associated hazards impact on the resilience of riparian rural communities in Bangladesh? This page includes a chart with historical data for Bangladesh Average Precipitation. Precipitation Concentration in Bangladesh over Different Temporal Periods, Department of Geography and Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh, Department of Geography, College of Social Science, Kongju National University, Singwan-Dong, Gongju-si, Chungnam-do 32588, Republic of Korea, M. H. I. Dore, “Climatic change and chaenges in global precipitation patterns: what do we know?”, M. Gemmer, S. Becker, and T. Jiang, “Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 1951–2002,”, Z. Hasan, S. Akhter, and M. Islam, “Climate change and trend of rainfall in the South-East part of coastal Bangladesh,”, S. Shahid and S. K. Osman, “Spatio-temporal variability of rainfall over Bangladesh during the time period 1969–2003,”, M. R. Allen and W. J. Ingram, “Constructions on future changes in climate and the hydrological cycle,”, H. Le Treut, R. Someville, U. Cubasch et al., “Historical overview of climate change,” in, G. Scholz, J. N. Quinton, and P. Strauss, “Soil erosion from sugar beet in Central Europe in response to climate change induced seasonal precipitation variations,”, R. Coscarelli and T. Caloiero, “Analysis of daily and monthly rainfall concentration in Southern Italy (Calabria region),”, E. Aguado, D. Cayan, L. Riddle, and M. Roos, “Climatic fluctuations and the timing of west coast streamflow,”, J. I. López-Moreno, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, L. Gimeno, and R. Nieto, “Stability of the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the Mediterranean region: observations since 1950 and projections for the 21st century,”, M. N. Islam, T. Hayashi, T. Terao, H. Uyeda, and K. Kikuchi, “Characteristics of precipitation systems analyzed from radar data over Bangladesh,”, K. E. Trenberth, P. D. Jones, P. Ambenje et al., “Observations: surface and atmospheric,” in, B. Roy, S. Akter, L. Brander et al., “Socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risk: a case study of climate change and flooding in Bangladesh,”, J. H. Christensen, B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc et al., “Regional climate projections,” in, A. S. M. S. Ahmed and S. Karmakar, “Arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in Bangladesh,”, M. R. Rahman, M. Salehin, and J. Matsumoto, “Trends of monsoon rainfall pattern in Bangladesh,”, K. R. Briffa, G. vander Schrier, and P. D. Jones, “Wet and dry summers in Europe since 1750: evidence of increasing drought,”, J. Schmidli and C. Frei, “Trends of heavy precipitation and wet and dry spells in Switzerland during the 20th century,”, Q. Zhang, C.-Y. Modified Date: 2018-05-10. This is widely recognized by the world community. Several studies in the world indicate that global warming has strong influence on precipitation variation as well as extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and thunderstorms [18, 19, 20]. Climate 2018, 6, 9 3 of 16 Time series of rainfall records were collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for 35 different locations all over the country (Figure1). In the Bay of Bengal, the hydrological cycle is dominated by very high spatial and temporal variability; and predictions for the end of the 21st century show a high degree of uncertainty [15]. The results showed that precipitation concentrations were mostly irregular when rainfall was concentrated within two to four months of the year. Bangladesh is renowned for agricultural-based country where about 80% of people are directly or indirectly involved in agricultural activities as their main profession [21]. The volume, timeliness, distribution, and duration of rainfall in each season are major concerns to farmers. Rainfall prediction is very important for the Bangladesh … The western and central areas showed significant variations and irregular distributions. For all regions, the annual PCI values were moderate and irregular, and the six-month (JJ and JD) PCI values were irregular to moderate. To investigate the temporal changes in PCI, the PCI values were calculated for ten decadal subperiods: 1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2011. Generally, all stations were found to be homogeneous; therefore, the datasets from each station were included in this analysis. From 2000 to 2011, the PCI changed significantly with the northwestern and southeastern regions displaying irregularities, while the central and northeastern regions showed irregular distributions (Figures 4(a)–4(c)). For the spatial analysis of precipitation, we interpolated data from all weather stations onto a regular grid. Decadal analysis of the two-month PCI (a, b, c) JF; (d, e, f) FM; (g, h, i) MA; (j, k, l) AM; (m, n, o) MJ; (p, q, r) JJ; (s, t, u) JA; (v, w, x) AS; (y, z, A) SO; (B, C, D) ON; (E, F, G) ND; (H, I, J) DJ for the representative decades 1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2011 over Bangladesh. Decadal analysis of the three-month PCI for JFM during (a) 1980–1989, (b) 1990–1990, and (c) 2000–2011; AMJ during (d) 1980–1989, (e) 1990–1990, and (f) 2000–2011; JAS during (g) 1980–1989, (h) 1990–1990, and (i) 2000–2011; OND during (j) 1980–1989, (k) 1990–1990, and (l) 2000–2011. Open training opportunities in the humanitarian field. Anarul Haque Mondol, Al-Mamun, Mehedi Iqbal, Dong-Ho Jang, "Precipitation Concentration in Bangladesh over Different Temporal Periods", Advances in Meteorology, vol. The statistical significance of the difference between decadal periods at each grid point was assessed using a trend test with different levels of probability categorized as follows: exceptionally likely (), extremely likely (), very likely (), and very low probability (). Precipitation in Bangladesh increased to 5.94 mm in December from 5.07 mm in November of 2015. Meanwhile, SO, ON, ND, and DJ had moderate-to-irregular distributions. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. But the rainfall data was available for the period 1981-2005. The north–west and south–southeast areas had higher PCI values (>20). Finally, we analyzed the annual, supraseasonal, seasonal, and three- and two-month PCI values using the Kruskal–Wallis test to identify statistical significance among the decades. It occupies an area of 147,570 km2 and geographically extends from 20°34′ N to 26°38′ N and from 88°01′ E to 92°41′ E. 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